terça-feira, 22 de março de 2011

ALGUMAS QUESTÕES, MUITAS DÚVIDAS E NENHUMA RESPOSTA



Benito Juárez


“O princípio de não-intervenção é uma das primeiras obrigações dos governos, é o respeito devido à liberdade dos povos e aos direitos das nações”.



Os governos civis não devem ter religião, porque sendo seu dever proteger a liberdade que os governados têm de praticar a religião que prefiram, não manteriam fielmente esse dever se fossem sectários de alguma delas”

Livre e para mim sagrado, é o direito de pensar... A educação é fundamental para a felicidade social; é o princípio em que descansam a liberdade e o engradecimento dos povos”

Os homens não são nada, os princípios são tudo”

(BENITO JUÁREZ)
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
O fuzilamento de Maximiliano - Eduard Manet
 
Benito Pablo Juárez García (San Pablo de Guelatao, Oaxaca, 21 de março de 1806 – Cidade do México, 18 de julho de 1872) foi um estadista liberal mexicano que serviu cinco períodos comopresidente do México: 1858–1861 como interino; 1861–1865; 

1865–1867; 1867–1871, e 1871–1872. Ele governou o país sob o estigma da guerra mexicano-americana (1846-1848), que custou ao México metade do seu território. Para fortalecer o país, Juárez separou a Igreja do Estado e suspendeu o pagamento da dívida externa - o que forneceu à França uma escusa para invadir o México. Por resistir à ocupação, derrubar e fuzilar o imperador Maximiliano - um príncipe Habsburgo da Áustria imposto por Napoleão III - e restaurar a República, assim como por seus esforços em modernizar o país, Juárez é tido como o maior líder político mexicano. Ele recebeu considerável ajuda norte-americana em dinheiro e armas, fornecidas porque o II Império francês não agradava aos interesses dos EUA.

Juárez foi o primeiro líder mexicano a não ter passado militar e também o primeiro indígena a servir como presidente do México e a comandar um país ocidental em 300 anos.

Assinaria embaixo todas as frases citadas de Juárez, à exceção da última. "Os homens não são nada; os princípios são tudo" tem um significado inicial iluminista de que os valores universais estão acima das contingências históricas e dos homens concretos. Mas essa máxima acabou sendo manipulada por tiranos de diversos matizes, de Robespierre durante o Grande Terror, a Hitler, Stálin e Pol Pot, para justificar seus crimes em nome de interesses superiores - a razão, a raça, a humanidade... Tal distorção levou muitos filósfos ao niilismo e à crítica da supremacia da Razão nas sociedades. 


Isso me remete aos sofistas da Grécia Antiga, que diziam que
"o homem é a medida de todas as coisas" (Protágoras).

A escola sofista, aliás, carrega uma má fama até hoje por ter sido vilipendidada por Platão - aquele pensador que achava que o Estado só poderia ser dirigido por reis filósofos e que os sofistas eram farsantes. Mas, na verdade, os sofistas lutavam contra a injustiça e foram os verdadeiros guardiões da democracia. Um deles, Trasímaco, interlocutor de Platão na República, criticava duramente a moral, a justificação do poder e o esforço para legitimá-lo e transformar a força em Direito. Para Trasímaco, as leis encobriam interesses particulares camuflados sob o véu do "interesse geral".

Depois dos sofistas, o grande orador Cícero também advertia aos romanos para os perigos de virtuosos como Catão, o censor, que não titubeavam em exigir o esmagamento das liberdades dos cidadãos para manter a pureza dos princípios. O preço da virtude cívica, muitas vezes, é o sangue dos inocentes.

Acontece que valores universais - direitos humanos, por exemplo - são imprescindíveis para sairmos do estágio da barbárie. Como, entretanto, conciliá-los com um relativismo pragmático, sem cair no oposto do multiculturalismo, que igualmente justifica atrocidades, mas desta vez em nome da singularidade dos povos? 

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